Selenium
1. 区别
py
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_eight_components():
driver = setup()
title = driver.title
assert title == "Web form"
driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)
text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")
text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click()
message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
value = message.text
assert value == "Received!"
teardown(driver)
def setup():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
return driver
def teardown(driver):
driver.quit()
if __name__ == "__main__":
test_eight_components()py
import unittest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
class TestWebForm(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Chrome()
self.driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
def test_eight_components(self):
driver = self.driver
title = driver.title
self.assertEqual(title, "Web form")
driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)
text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")
text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click()
message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
value = message.text
self.assertEqual(value, "Received!")
if __name__ == "__main__":
unittest.main()py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
@pytest.fixture
def driver():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
yield driver
driver.quit()
def test_eight_components(driver):
title = driver.title
assert title == "Web form"
driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)
text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")
text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click()
message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
value = message.text
assert value == "Received!"2 滑动验证码
滑动验证码处理思路
- 获取验证码图片：通过
Selenium获取滑块图片和背景图片的 URL并使用requests下载这两张图片 - 图像处理：将下载的图片转换为灰度图，并保存处理后的图片
- 有效部分提取：从滑块图像中提取出有效部分，以减少匹配时的干扰
- 图像匹配：使用
OpenCV的matchTemplate方法对比背景图和滑块图，获取相似度结果 - 获取坐标：找到最佳匹配的位置，通过
np.argmax找出坐标 y 和 x - 滑块拖动：根据计算出的坐标微调滑动距离，使用 Selenium 的 ActionChains 拖动滑块，完成
py
import time
import cv2
import numpy as np
import requests
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver import ActionChains
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
class Music163:
def __init__(self):
self.driver = webdriver.Edge()
self.driver.get("https://music.163.com")
self.driver.maximize_window()
self.wait = WebDriverWait(self.driver, 10)
def login(self):
# 登录弹出
self.wait.until(EC.presence_of_element_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'a[data-action="login"]'))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 选择其他登录模式
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME, '_3xIXD0Q6'))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 勾选条款的 checkbox
checkbox = self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.ID, 'j-official-terms')))
if not checkbox.is_selected():
checkbox.click()
time.sleep(2)
# 手机号登录/注册
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME, '_3fo6oHZe'))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 选择密码登录
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, '密码登录'))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 输入手机号
phone_input = self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME, '_2OT0mQUQ')))
phone_input.send_keys('15000840699')
time.sleep(2)
# 输入密码
password_input = self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME, 'sR89MU1J')))
password_input.send_keys('hf15000840699')
time.sleep(2)
# 点击登录
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CLASS_NAME, '_3fo6oHZe'))).click()
time.sleep(2)
def verify(self):
# 获取两张图片
url_s = self.driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'yidun_jigsaw').get_attribute('src')
url_b = self.driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'yidun_bg-img').get_attribute('src')
headers = {
'user-agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/101.0.4951.41 Safari/537.36'
}
res_s = requests.get(url_s, headers=headers)
data_s = res_s.content
res_b = requests.get(url_b, headers=headers)
data_b = res_b.content
# 保存图片
with open('pic_s.png', 'wb') as f:
f.write(data_s)
with open('pic_b.png', 'wb') as f:
f.write(data_b)
# 使用opencv读取两张图片
simg = cv2.imread('pic_s.png')
bimg = cv2.imread('pic_b.png')
# 灰度处理，降低偏差
s_img = cv2.cvtColor(simg, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
b_img = cv2.cvtColor(bimg, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
# 保存两张灰度处理的图片
cv2.imwrite('hui_simg.png', s_img)
cv2.imwrite('hui_bimg.png', b_img)
# 处理滑块图片，保存有效部分
s_img = s_img[s_img.any(1)]
# opencv的匹配算法，匹配模块寻找两张图片的相似之处
result = cv2.matchTemplate(b_img, s_img, cv2.TM_CCOEFF_NORMED)
print('result', result)
# 获取坐标
# 获取最大索引
index_max = np.argmax(result)
# 获取到坐标
y, x = np.unravel_index(index_max, result.shape)
print("y:", y, "x:", x)
# 拖动滑块的距离进行调整
adjusted_x = x + 10 # 根据实际情况微调这个值
# 定位到滑块
ele = self.driver.find_element(By.XPATH,
"//div[contains(@class, 'yidun_slider') and contains(@class, 'yidun_slider--hover')]")
# 实例化对象
action = ActionChains(self.driver)
# 拖动滑块
time.sleep(1)
action.drag_and_drop_by_offset(ele, xoffset=adjusted_x, yoffset=0).perform()
time.sleep(1)
def navigate(self):
# 点击我的音乐-排行榜
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "排行榜"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 点击我的音乐-歌单
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "歌单"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 点击我的音乐-主播电台
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "主播电台"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 点击我的音乐-歌手
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "歌手"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 点击我的音乐-新碟上架
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "新碟上架"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
# 点击我的音乐
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "我的音乐"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
self.driver.back()
time.sleep(2)
self.driver.forward()
# 点击关注
self.wait.until(EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.LINK_TEXT, "关注"))).click()
time.sleep(2)
def quit(self):
self.driver.quit()
if __name__ == "__main__":
music = Music163()
music.login()
music.verify()
music.navigate()
music.quit()